For delegates

How MUN Works

Everything you need to research, write, speak, and prepare. Jump to a topic, or read it through.

What is MUN? Skills Committees Documents Speaking Preparation
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What is Model United Nations?

MUN is a simulation of the United Nations. You represent a country, debate a real global issue, and work with others to write a resolution. It is one of the best ways to build skills you will use for life while learning how the world actually negotiates.

The Simulation

You are a delegate representing an assigned country in a committee. You debate, negotiate, and vote the way real UN diplomats do.

The Issues

Committees take on real global challenges: climate change, human rights, conflict, poverty, technology. Topics change with every conference.

The Goal

Your committee works together to produce a resolution: a formal document that sets out the causes, the concerns, and the solutions to the topic.

The Process

You debate formally in session, then negotiate informally in caucus. You win by building alliances and persuading others to back your position.

The Country

You are assigned a country and speak for its real position, not your own opinion. Arguing a view that may not be yours is part of the skill.

The Rules

Debate follows clear rules of procedure: points, motions, and voting. They keep every delegate's turn fair and the room orderly.

Key MUN Vocabulary +
  • Delegate: You. A student representing a country in a committee.
  • Chair / Dais: The student or students running the session. They manage speakers, motions, and voting.
  • Committee: The group you debate in (for example UNSC, UNICEF, WHO).
  • Resolution: The final document your committee produces with solutions to the topic.
  • Clause: A single statement within a resolution (preambulatory or operative).
  • Motion: A formal request a delegate makes to the Chair (for example to open debate or take a break).
  • Caucus: An informal session where delegates negotiate freely.
  • Quorum: The minimum number of delegates needed for the committee to function.
  • Placard: The sign with your country's name that you raise to be recognised to speak.
  • Bloc: A group of countries with similar positions who work together.
  • Amendment: A proposed change to a draft resolution before it is voted on.
  • Veto: The power of the P5 members (USA, UK, France, Russia, China) to block a UNSC resolution.
How a Conference Works, Step by Step +
  1. Roll Call: The Chair calls each country. You respond "Present" or "Present and Voting" (the second means you cannot abstain).
  2. Opening of Debate: A delegate motions to open debate on the agenda topic.
  3. Speakers' List: Delegates add their country to a list to give formal speeches.
  4. Formal Debate: Delegates speak from the Speakers' List. Each speech has a time limit, usually 60 to 90 seconds.
  5. Moderated Caucus: A structured informal debate on one sub-topic, with shorter speaking times.
  6. Unmoderated Caucus: Free time to move around, talk to other delegates, and build blocs or write working papers.
  7. Working Papers: Draft documents with proposed solutions, circulated for feedback.
  8. Draft Resolutions: Working papers formalised and submitted to the Chair with enough sponsors and signatories.
  9. Voting: Delegates vote in favour, against, or abstain on each clause and on the full resolution.
National and International Conferences +

At QAS we take part in two kinds of conference:

The programme runs across Middle School (Grades 7 and 8) and High School (Grades 9 and 10). CWMUN runs separate Middle School and High School committees, so you debate with students at your own level.

  • National conferences: Run by schools across Qatar. These are where new delegates start. You build confidence close to home before you take on anything bigger.
  • One international conference each year: This year that is Change the World MUN in New York, 1 to 4 April 2027. New York hosts the UN Headquarters, so it is the most demanding conference we attend. Places are limited and selection is competitive. See the Calendar for the full picture.
Why MUN

Skills You Will Build

MUN connects straight to what you do in Individuals and Societies and English, then pushes those skills into a real-world setting.

Public SpeakingDeliver timed speeches to a room of delegates with confidence and clarity.
ResearchInvestigate your country's position, policy, and history on complex global issues.
Academic WritingWrite formal documents that follow strict MUN protocol and diplomatic language.
NegotiationBuild alliances, find compromise, and persuade others to back your position.
Global CitizenshipUnderstand an issue from your country's perspective, not only your own.
Critical ThinkingAnalyse causes, weigh solutions, and answer opposing arguments in real time.
CollaborationWork within blocs and across committees to co-write resolutions.
Time ManagementPrepare position papers, speeches, and documents to strict deadlines.
Working with AIUse AI tools to research and draft within honest limits, then check and own what they give you.
The Rooms

UN Committees Explained

Each committee has its own mandate, topics, and rules. Knowing yours gives you a real advantage before the conference even starts. Middle School committees (Grades 7 and 8) debate one topic; High School committees (Grades 9 and 10) debate two.

Committee Full Name Focus Areas Notes
GA1 (DISEC)Disarmament & Int'l Security First Committee Arms control, nuclear weapons, cyber warfare, peacekeeping A common start for beginners. Large committee, good for practising speeches.
GA2 (ECOFIN)Economic & Financial Second Committee Global economy, trade, development, poverty reduction Links well to I&S economics topics.
GA3 (SOCHUM)Social, Humanitarian & Cultural Third Committee Human rights, gender equality, refugees, child rights Often the most emotionally charged debates.
UNSCSecurity Council UN Security Council International peace and security, armed conflicts Advanced. Only 15 members. The P5 hold veto power.
UNICEF UN Children's Fund Child welfare, education, health, protection in conflict Accessible topics, strong humanitarian focus.
WHO World Health Organization Global health policy, pandemics, healthcare access Relevant after the COVID-19 debates. Science-focused.
UNHRC UN Human Rights Council Human rights violations, civil liberties, justice Politically sensitive. It rewards careful country research.
UNESCO Education, Science & Culture Cultural heritage, press freedom, science cooperation Creative topics, often a good fit for I&S students.
Writing

MUN Documents

You will write three main documents in MUN. Each has its own purpose, format, and rules. Master these and you stand out at any conference.

1

The Position Paper

You submit the position paper before the conference. It sets out your country's official stance on the topic. It is usually 1 to 2 pages.

Structure
Heading: committee name, topic, country, delegate name
Part 1: Background. What is the issue? Why does it matter?
Part 2: Your country's position. What does your country think? What has it done?
Part 3: Proposed solutions. What should the committee do?
Example Opening
"The Federal Republic of Germany strongly believes that access to clean water is a fundamental human right. As a nation committed to sustainable development, Germany has invested over €X billion in international water projects and calls upon the committee to..."
Top Tips
✔ Write as your country, not as yourself.
✔ Use formal, third-person language ("Germany believes..." not "I think...").
✔ Cite real UN resolutions, treaties, or data where you can.
✔ Keep it factual, not emotional.
2

The Draft Resolution

The resolution is the committee's final product. You write it together during the conference, live and with no screens. Every resolution follows a strict format.

Header Elements
Committee: for example United Nations Human Rights Council
Topic: for example Access to Education in Conflict Zones
Sponsors: countries who wrote the resolution and fully support it
Signatories: countries who want to debate it (they may not fully support it)
Part 1: Preambulatory Clauses
These clauses set the context. They begin with a present participle and end with a comma. They are not actions.
Common preambulatory phrases:
Affirming, Alarmed by, Bearing in mind, Convinced that, Deeply concerned, Emphasising, Fully aware, Guided by, Having considered, Noting with regret, Recognising, Recalling, Welcoming...

Example: "Deeply concerned by the estimated 222 million children worldwide who lack access to basic education,"
Part 2: Operative Clauses
These clauses are the actual decisions and actions. They begin with a simple present tense verb and end with a semicolon. The last clause ends with a full stop.
Common operative phrases:
Calls upon, Condemns, Demands, Encourages, Expresses, Invites, Reaffirms, Recommends, Requests, Strongly urges, Supports, Takes note of, Urges...

Example: "Calls upon all member states to allocate a minimum of 4% of GDP to public education funding;"
"Urges the Secretary-General to establish a task force to monitor progress in conflict-affected regions;"
Key Rules
✔ Each clause is one long sentence (no full stops mid-clause).
✔ Preambulatory clauses take a comma. Operative clauses take a semicolon. The last operative clause takes a full stop.
✔ Never use "I" or "we". Always name your country or use "this committee".
✔ Number all operative clauses.
3

The Amendment

Amendments are proposed changes to a draft resolution. You submit them during debate, before the final vote.

Types of Amendments
Friendly Amendment: all sponsors agree to the change. It is accepted automatically.
Unfriendly Amendment: not all sponsors agree. It must be debated and voted on separately.
Example
"The delegation of Canada proposes to add the following operative clause after OP3: 'Recommends that member states establish national funds dedicated to climate adaptation in developing countries;'"
4

The Working Paper

A working paper is an informal draft you circulate during unmoderated caucuses to gather support. It does not need full resolution format yet, but it should set out your key solutions.

Tip
Think of a working paper as your pitch to other delegates. Make it clear, short, and persuasive. Once enough countries back it, it becomes a draft resolution.
Integrity

Using AI honestly

AI is part of how the world researches and writes now. You will use it, and you should learn to use it well. In MUN we set clear limits so the thinking stays yours. The point is to gain real experience with AI as a tool, not to hand your work to it.

Where How much AI Why
Position paper Up to 20% maximum This is your formal stance. The argument and the words are yours.
Working papers and draft clauses Up to 30% maximum Early drafts can take a little more support, but the solutions must be yours.
The resolution None. No screens. Written live at the conference. No phones, no laptops, no AI. This is where your real skill shows.
The rules in short

How to Speak at a Conference

Diplomatic language has its own rules. The right phrases show respect for the process and mark you out as a prepared, credible delegate.

Being Recognised to Speak +

Raise your placard and wait for the Chair to call your country. Then stand and say:

  • "Thank you, honourable Chair."
  • "The delegation of [Country] thanks the Chair for this opportunity."
Giving a Formal Speech (Speakers' List) +

A good speech has three parts: hook, substance, call to action.

"Honourable Chair, distinguished delegates. The delegation of Brazil stands before this committee deeply alarmed by the accelerating deforestation of the Amazon basin. With over 17% of the Amazon already lost, this is not merely an environmental crisis; it is a humanitarian one. Brazil calls upon this committee to recognise the shared responsibility of all nations in preserving global biodiversity, and urges member states to support the draft resolution proposed by our bloc. The delegation of Brazil yields the floor to the Chair."
Making Motions +
  • "The delegation of [Country] moves to open the Speakers' List."
  • "The delegation of [Country] moves for a moderated caucus of [X] minutes with speaking time of [Y] seconds on the sub-topic of [topic]."
  • "The delegation of [Country] moves for an unmoderated caucus of [X] minutes."
  • "The delegation of [Country] moves to table the resolution." (pause debate)
  • "The delegation of [Country] moves to close debate and proceed to voting."
Points of Order and Procedure +
  • Point of Order: to question a procedural mistake. "Point of Order, honourable Chair, the delegate exceeded their speaking time."
  • Point of Information: to ask the speaker a question (only allowed if the speaker yields). "Will the delegate yield to a point of information?"
  • Point of Personal Privilege: for personal discomfort, for example if you cannot hear. "Point of Personal Privilege, the delegation cannot hear the speaker clearly."
  • Right of Reply: if your country is directly insulted. Used rarely and with care.
Opening a speech
"Honourable Chair, distinguished delegates, the delegation of [Country] wishes to draw the committee's attention to..."
Showing agreement
"The delegation of [Country] strongly aligns with the position expressed by the distinguished delegate of [Country]..."
Disagreeing diplomatically
"While the delegation of [Country] appreciates the concerns raised, we must respectfully object to the proposed clause on the grounds that..."
Yielding the floor
"The delegation yields the floor to the Chair." / "...yields the remaining time to the delegate of [Country]."
Inviting to your bloc
"During the unmoderated caucus, the delegation of [Country] invites all interested parties to discuss our working paper on [topic]."
Calling for a vote
"The delegation of [Country] moves to close debate and proceed immediately to voting procedure."
Preparation

How to Prepare and Practise

The best delegates are the most prepared delegates. Here is a step-by-step way to get ready for any conference.

1

Research Your Country

Start with your country's geography, government, economy, alliances, and UN voting history. Know its strengths, its weaknesses, and its relationships. The CIA World Factbook and UN.org are good starting points.

2

Research the Topic

Read your committee's background guide closely. Then go deeper: recent news, UN reports, data. Understand the causes, the consequences, and what has already been tried.

3

Build Your Position

Put country and topic together: what would your country say about this topic? Note the treaties it has signed, the aid it gives or receives, and its past votes on related resolutions.

4

Write Your Position Paper

Use the format in Chapter 4. Write in the third person. Choose clarity over complexity. Have someone read it and give feedback before you submit.

5

Prepare Your Opening Speech

Write and learn a 60 to 90 second speech. Time yourself. Practise in front of a mirror or record yourself. Aim for confident delivery, not perfection.

6

Draft Clauses in Advance

Plan three to five operative clauses you want in the final resolution. Having them ready means you can contribute to working papers from the first caucus.

7

Know Other Countries' Positions

Research the likely positions of the major powers and of countries allied with yours. Know who to approach for your bloc, and who will push back.

8

Practise Debate at Home

Watch real UN speeches online. Practise answering counterarguments. Role-play debates with classmates. The more you speak aloud, the more natural the room feels.

Research Resources +
  • UN.org: official UN documentation, resolutions, and reports
  • CIA World Factbook (cia.gov/the-world-factbook): country profiles
  • UNHCR, UNICEF, WHO websites: agency-specific data and reports
  • BBC News and Al Jazeera: international news from more than one perspective
  • Our World in Data (ourworldindata.org): data and statistics on global issues
  • CWMUN background guides: provided by your committee chair before the conference
  • Past UN resolutions: search un.org to see how similar issues have been handled before
Common Mistakes to Avoid +
  • Speaking as yourself, not your country. Always say "The delegation of [Country]...", not "I think...".
  • Not raising your placard. If you want to speak, be visible. Raise it with confidence.
  • Reading your speech word for word. Notes are fine. Staring at paper the whole time is not. Look at the room.
  • Ignoring the unmoderated caucus. This is where resolutions are actually built. Circulate, negotiate, join blocs.
  • Using informal language. Drop "like", "basically", and "you know" in formal debate.
  • Being unready for counterarguments. Others will challenge you. Know your answer in advance.
  • Submitting a position paper at the last minute. Rushed papers show, and they are your first impression on the Chair.
Delegate resources

Templates and guides to download

Print these or open them on your laptop. They walk you through the writing and speaking you will do at every conference. Use them as a starting point, then make the work your own.

Position paper template
A one-page frame for your country's view, with prompts. Word document.
Resolution format guide
How a resolution is built: clauses, verbs, and a skeleton. Word document.
Rules of procedure, quick reference
The flow of a session, with the points and motions you will use. Word document.
Opening speech frame
A frame for your first one-minute speech, with sentence stems. Word document.